diff --git a/lib/mcp/server.rb b/lib/mcp/server.rb
index a95c651d..c06954fa 100644
--- a/lib/mcp/server.rb
+++ b/lib/mcp/server.rb
@@ -565,9 +565,9 @@ def handle_request(request, method, session: nil, related_request_id: nil)
       end
 
       # SEP-2575 removes these RPCs from the modern lifecycle, so they answer with Method not found
-      # there regardless of the envelope or the server's declared capabilities: in this era the method
-      # does not exist at all, which is why the check precedes `ensure_capability!`.
-      if session.respond_to?(:era) && session.era == :modern && Methods::MODERN_REMOVED_METHODS.include?(method)
+      # there regardless of the server's declared capabilities: in this era the method does not exist
+      # at all, which is why the check precedes `ensure_capability!`.
+      if Methods::MODERN_REMOVED_METHODS.include?(method) && modern_request?(request, session)
         raise RequestHandlerError.new(
           "Method not found: #{method} is not part of the modern lifecycle (SEP-2575)",
           request,
@@ -677,6 +677,23 @@ def handle_request(request, method, session: nil, related_request_id: nil)
       }
     end
 
+    # Whether this request belongs to the modern lifecycle, used to refuse the RPCs SEP-2575 removed from it.
+    # A locked `ServerSession#era` is authoritative; until it locks, the request's own `_meta` envelope is
+    # the signal. Both are needed because `StdioTransport` locks the era only after a response succeeds,
+    # which would otherwise let the first request of a connection reach a method the modern lifecycle does not have.
+    # The Python SDK gates the same way, on the envelope of each request rather than on connection state that
+    # is only settled afterwards.
+    #
+    # A legacy-locked session is deliberately excluded: `lift_request_envelope` answers a modern envelope there
+    # with the lifecycle violation, which names the cause better than Method not found.
+    def modern_request?(request, session)
+      era = session.respond_to?(:era) ? session.era : nil
+      return true if era == :modern
+      return false unless era.nil?
+
+      RequestEnvelope.modern?(request.is_a?(Hash) ? request[:params] : nil)
+    end
+
     # Lifts the SEP-2575 per-request `_meta` envelope for modern requests. Only a request whose `_meta` carries
     # the full required triple is classified as modern; a partial triple keeps flowing through the legacy path untouched.
     # Notifications carry no envelope (their `_meta` is a `NotificationMetaObject`), and `server/discover` is
diff --git a/test/mcp/server/transports/stdio_transport_test.rb b/test/mcp/server/transports/stdio_transport_test.rb
index 699bcb7a..bb599d31 100644
--- a/test/mcp/server/transports/stdio_transport_test.rb
+++ b/test/mcp/server/transports/stdio_transport_test.rb
@@ -598,6 +598,29 @@ class StdioTransportTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
           assert_equal :modern, session_era
         end
 
+        test "rejects a removed lifecycle method carrying the envelope as the connection's first frame" do
+          # The era locks only after a response succeeds, so this frame reaches the server unlocked.
+          # SEP-2575 removed `resources/subscribe`, and the envelope is what identifies the request as modern.
+          responses = run_transport_session([
+            {
+              jsonrpc: "2.0",
+              method: "resources/subscribe",
+              id: 1,
+              params: {
+                uri: "https://example.invalid/resource",
+                _meta: {
+                  "io.modelcontextprotocol/protocolVersion": "2026-07-28",
+                  "io.modelcontextprotocol/clientInfo": { name: "modern_client", version: "2.0" },
+                  "io.modelcontextprotocol/clientCapabilities": {},
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          ])
+
+          assert_equal JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::METHOD_NOT_FOUND, responses[0].dig(:error, :code)
+          refute_equal :legacy, session_era
+        end
+
         test "does not lock an era when the era-distinctive request fails" do
           # An unsupported envelope version fails with -32022, so the connection stays unlocked
           # and a legacy initialize can still succeed afterwards.
diff --git a/test/mcp/server_test.rb b/test/mcp/server_test.rb
index 23acceaa..b5ed1ec2 100644
--- a/test/mcp/server_test.rb
+++ b/test/mcp/server_test.rb
@@ -374,6 +374,56 @@ class ServerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    test "#handle rejects removed lifecycle methods carrying the envelope before the era locks" do
+      # `StdioTransport` locks the era only after a response succeeds, so the first request of a connection
+      # arrives with `era == nil`. The envelope on the request is what identifies it as modern there.
+      Methods::MODERN_REMOVED_METHODS.each do |method|
+        session = ServerSession.new(server: @server, transport: mock)
+
+        response = @server.handle(modern_request(method, {}), session: session)
+
+        assert_equal JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::METHOD_NOT_FOUND, response.dig(:error, :code), "expected -32601 for #{method}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "#handle does not let an enveloped initialize lock the era before it is settled" do
+      # Serving it would negotiate the legacy lifecycle for a request that declared the modern one,
+      # pinning the connection to the wrong era for its whole lifetime.
+      session = ServerSession.new(server: @server, transport: mock)
+
+      @server.handle(modern_request("initialize", initialize_params), session: session)
+
+      assert_nil session.era
+      refute_predicate session, :initialized?
+    end
+
+    test "#handle serves an enveloped method the modern lifecycle keeps before the era locks" do
+      session = ServerSession.new(server: @server, transport: mock)
+
+      response = @server.handle(modern_request("tools/list", {}), session: session)
+
+      refute_nil response[:result]
+    end
+
+    test "#handle keeps serving a legacy initialize that negotiates a dual-era version" do
+      # Negotiating 2026-07-28 through the legacy handshake is not the same as carrying the modern envelope:
+      # the handshake still belongs to the legacy lifecycle and locks that era.
+      session = ServerSession.new(server: @server, transport: mock)
+
+      response = @server.handle(
+        {
+          jsonrpc: "2.0",
+          method: "initialize",
+          id: 1,
+          params: initialize_params(protocolVersion: "2026-07-28"),
+        },
+        session: session,
+      )
+
+      assert_equal "2026-07-28", response.dig(:result, :protocolVersion)
+      assert_equal :legacy, session.era
+    end
+
     test "#handle server/discover requires the envelope on a modern-locked session" do
       # The 2026-07-28 conformance requirements reject an envelope-less `server/discover`
       # on the modern era with -32602 (SEP-2575).
@@ -4255,9 +4305,11 @@ def server_context
     test "modern results carry resultType complete" do
       server = Server.new(name: "result_type_test", tools: [result_type_tool])
 
+      # Every method here has to be one the modern lifecycle still has. `ping` does not qualify:
+      # SEP-2575 removed it, so a modern request naming it is answered with -32601, not a stamped result.
       [
         modern_request(Methods::TOOLS_LIST, {}),
-        modern_request(Methods::PING, {}),
+        modern_request(Methods::PROMPTS_LIST, {}),
         modern_request(Methods::TOOLS_CALL, { name: "result_type_tool", arguments: {} }),
       ].each do |request|
         response = server.handle(request)